Sustainable Olive Culture under Climate Change: The Potential of Biostimulants

Climatic extreme events, like droughts, heatwaves, and floods are becoming recurrent represent a threat to agriculture, lowering plant growth productivity. The Mediterranean region is climate-change hotspot, where traditional agricultural systems, olive groves, particularly challenged. Both the intensive systems of culture coexist in Mediterranean. differ their demands for water agrochemicals, but nowadays, global inputs agrochemicals irrigation have increased achieve high productivity profitability. Finding sustainable alternatives maintain under ongoing climate change urgent meet EU-Farm Fork strategy neutrality. Candidate eco-friendly include biostimulants. These substances or microorganisms, that activate signaling cascades metabolic processes, increasing yield, quality, tolerance stressors. benefits better growth, nutritional status availability, leading decreased demand agrochemicals. In this review, we aim present different types biostimulants (e.g., seaweed, protein hydrolysates, humic substances, microorganisms nanomaterials), mode action agriculture. We also explore current state-of-the-art regarding use culture, potential increase (a)biotic challenges.